In 1975 Brigadier General Murtala Mohammed GCFR (8 November 1938 – 13 February 1976), he was at that time a brigadier, approached Chief Frederick Rotimi Alade Williams SAN (16 December 1920 – 26 March 2005) to be the chairman of the 50-man Constitutional Drafting Committee.
Chief Williams told Brigadier Murtala Mohammed that he would accept the job on two conditions, among which is that Professor Benjamin Obi Nwabueze (22 December 1931-29 October, 2023) from Atani in Anambra state must be a member of the committee. Chief Williams told me this story himself when I covered proceedings of the committee which were usually held in his residence in Ilupeju, Lagos. I asked why he insisted on his friend, Professor Nwabueze to be a member of the committee; his reply was “who else but Ben”.
Eventually, Professor Ben Nwabueze was appointed a member of the 50 man committee. The committee was inaugurated on October 18, 1975 at the Nigerian Institute of International Affairs, Victoria Island, then headed by Professor Bolaji Akinyemi(82), from Ilesha, Osun state, who later became the Nigerian Foreign Affairs Minister under General Ibrahim Babangida GCFR.
The committee was inaugurated before Brigadier General Murtala Mohammed was assassinated on February 13, 1976. The Secretary of the committee was Alhaji Gidado Idris, who was then the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture in Kaduna state. He later became secretary to the Constituent Assembly and later Secretary to the Government of the Federation under General Sani Abacha GCFR (20 September 1943 – 8 June 1998).
At the Constitution Drafting committee, Alhaji Gidado Idris was assisted by Mr. R.C. O. Nwokedi, Senior Assistant Secretary, Cabinet Office, Lagos, Mrs O.O. Onajide, then Head of News and Current Affairs Mid-West Television, Mr. A. Obilade, Lecturer in Law, University of Lagos and Dr. O.A. Obozuwa, former Lecturer in Law, Lagos State University and a Commissioner, Public Service Commission, Bendel State.
Other supporting staff of the committee by then were Mr. E. Omofuma, Mr. O. Ogunade, Mr. J.O. Oyefeso, Mrs A. T. Kole, Mrs M.M. Wuraola, Mr. J.E. Ikebude, Mr. R.O. Akpabio, Mrs J.O. Adeyemi-Wilson, Mrs V.O. Odunuga, Mrs M.M. Albert, Mrs P.C. Adiele, Mr. A. O. Iyiola, Mr. E.O. Ajiboye, Mrs. J.T. Okechukwu, Mr. E.I. Ojogwu, Miss A.E. Anwana, Mr. J. A. Adesanwo, Mr. Ben Enahoro, Mr. N. Orekan and Mr. P. Nwajei. After the inauguration of the committee, Professor Nwabueze was made a member of the Legal Drafting subcommittee headed by Chief Rotimi
Williams. Other members of the subcommittee at that time were Chief Richard Osuolale Abimbola Akinjide SAN(4 November 1930- 21 April 2020), who later became the Minister of Justice and Attorney General of the Federation in 1979, Alhaji Olufemi Lateeef Okunnu(90), former Minister of Works, Dr. Tajudeen Olawale Ayinla Idris(June 6, 1940- August 30, 2018), who later became Commissioner for Education under Alhaji Lateef Kayode Jakande and Chief James Ajibola Idowu Ige, SAN(13 September, 1930 – 23 December, 2001) who was elected the governor of Oyo state, 1979-1983 and Minister of Justice and Attorney General of the Federation, 2000-2001.
The rest members of the committee were Justice Muhammadu Buba Ardo(1930- October 5, 1991) from Fufore, Yola in Adamawa state, former Chief Justice of North Eastern state (175-1976), Justice of the
Supreme Court(1978-1979), Mr. S.M. Liberty, Attorney General of Borno state and Mr. Kanmi Ishola Osobu from Ilesha in Osun state.
Mr Osobu was educated at the famous Ilesha Grammar School before proceeding to University of London. Before his death in 1995, he had a flourishing bar practice in Lagos of which many lawyers including Wole
Obayomi, currently a partner and Head of Tax, Regulatory and Peoples’ Service (TRPS) Practice of KPMG and Mr. Adeyinka Olumide-Fusika SAN, passed through. Till he died in Ibadan, myself, Toye Akiyode, Yinka Guedon, Gboyega Amoboye (THE GOVERNOR), Femi Ogunleye(now the Towulade of Akinale in Ogun state), Labake Adebiyi alias EVERYTHING LABAKUS, Jimi Aderinokun, Dapo Aderinola, Tunde Fagbenle and other journalists were associated with him. Egbon Kanmi Ishola Osobu alias PEOPLE’S LAWYER, a human right activist was also closely associated with Fela Anikulapo-Kuti
The last member of the subcommittee was Alhaji Abdulganiyu Folorunsho Abdulrazak (November 13, 1927 – July 25, 2020) from Ilorin. He was the first lawyer from the northern Nigeria and the father to the present governor of Kwara state, AbdulRahman AbdulRazaq.
Professor Nwabueze married in December 1961, Rose Achike, with three sons and three daughters. He had his education at the London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London, England, 1956-1961, lecturer, later senior lecturer, University of Lagos, 1962-1965, senior lecturer, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 1965-1967, acting dean, University of Nigeria, Usukka,1967-1970, Professor, School of Law, University of Zambia, 1970-1976, also dean, School of Law, 1971-1976, joined United Bank for Africa, Lagos and awarded Nigerian National Merit Award in 1980.
In January 1993, under the Transitional Council, then headed by Chief
Ernest Adegunle Oladeinde Shonekan GCFR (9 May 1936 – 11 January
2022), he was Secretary (Minister) of Education and Youth
Development). In October 2013, Professor Nwabueze was appointed into
the National Conference Advisory committee but withdrew on health
grounds. He was replaced by Mr. Solomon Asemota, the Chairman of the
Governing Council of the Christian Social Movement of Nigeria as well
as Coordinator of the Ethnic Nationalities Movement (ENM).
Atani, his hometown, is the headquarters of Ogbaru Local Government
in Anambra state. Atani is also the hometown of my favourite musician,
Chief Stephen Osita Osadebe(March 17, 1936- May 11, 2007).
In 2004, I was in Atani when my friend, Chief Chris Nwabueze Ngige
(71) from Alor in Idemili South Local Government of Anambra state, was
the Governor of Anambra state. A very quiet town.
Professor Ben Nwabueze was later made the chairman of the
sub-committee on National Objectives and Public Accountability of the
Constitution Drafting Committee. Other members of the committee were
Kanmi Ishola Osobu and Professor Emmanuel Uwamagbuhunmwun Emovon
(February 24, 1929 – February 20, 2020) from Benin city, former Vice
Chancellor of the University of Jos, who later became the Minister of
Science and Technology under General Ibrahim Babangida GCFR. The rest
members were Dr. A.Y. Aliyu, lecturer Public Administration, Ahmadu
Bello University, Zaria, Chief Paul Wanteregh Unongo (September 26,
1937 to November 29, 2022) from Jato Aka in Kwande Local Government
Area of Benue state, who later became Minister of Power and Steel
under President Shehu Shagari GCFR and Alhaji Ibrahim Imam (1916 –
April 1980) a Kanuri politician from Borno, who was the secretary of
the Northern People‘s Congress and later became a patron of the Borno
Youth Movement. He was elected into the Northern House of Assembly in
1961, representing a Tiv district. Prior to his election in 1961, he
had represented his district of Yerwa in 1951 after supporting a
strike of Native Administration workers.
It was in this subcommittee that Professor Nwabueze served his country
best. His footprints are all over in the 1979 Constitution.
Professor Nwabueze subcommittee’s main objectives were (1) to consider
and make recommendations on the desirability of embodying National
Objectives and Directive Principles in the Nigerian Constitution (2)
to suggest what such principles and objectives should be (3) to
consider and make recommendations regarding constitutional
arrangements to ensure observance of and conformity to such principles
and objectives including the procedure to amend this part of the
Constitution and (4) to examine and make recommendations on
institutional and other arrangements to prevent corruption and abuse
of power on the part of all persons holding public offices or
exercising power (be it executive, legislative or judicial).
The committee’s recommendations were that the Federal Republic of
Nigeria is one, indivisible and indissoluble, sovereign state based on
the principles of democracy and social justice and accordingly, (a)
Sovereignty belongs to the people from whom government, through this
constitution derives all its powers and authorities; (b) the welfare
of the people shall be the primary purpose of government; (c)
Government shall be responsible and accountable to the people; (d)
participation by the people in their government shall be ensured in
accordance with the provisions of this constitution; (e) the press,
radio, television and other agencies of the mass media shall at all
times be free to uphold the fundamental objectives contained in this
constitution and to ensure and facilitate the responsibility and
accountability of the Government to the people; (f) the state shall
not adopt any religion as the state religion but the freedom of every
individual to preach, to teach and to practice the religion of his
choice shall be respected and protected.
It was Professor Nwabueze’s subcommittee that recommended the fifteen
codes which a public officer must adhere to. If those codes had been
enforced, I am sure this country would have been a better place. The
codes were “a leader shall not put himself in a position where his
personal interest conflicts with his responsibilities as a leader, or
which enables him to explore others; without prejudice to the
generality of the foregoing paragraph, a leader shall not (a) hold
more one public office (b) engage in any private, trade or profession
(c) receive any remuneration, gain or profit other than the emolument
payable to him in respect of the specified office held by him. 4. A
leader shall not, after his retirement from public service and while
receiving pension from public funds, accept a remunerative position as
chairman, director or employee of a public company or receive any
other remuneration from public funds in addition to his pension.
Notwithstanding anything in paragraphs 3 and 4, a leader shall
entitled to earn, in addition to his emoluments as a leader— (a)
interest on money deposited in a bank, building society or other
financial institutions; (b) dividends or other profits from stocks or
shares held by him in any registered company; (c) interest on
Government stock; (d) gains or advantage derived through personal
labour on land owned or occupied by him. 6. No person shall own or
occupy more than one plot of State land throughout the country. Any
person who at the coming into force of this Code owns or occupies more
than one plot of State land shall sell the excess over one plot to the
State. The price—(a) as regards the ground shall be at a rate at
which allocations of State land in the area in which the plot is
located are made by the Government at the time of sale; (b) as regards
any building erected on the plot, shall be such as may be agreed or
determined by the court in default of agreement.
A leader shall not ask for nor accept any property or benefit of any
kind for himself or any other person on account of anything done, to
be done or omitted to be done by him in the discharge of his duties,
nor accept gifts of whatever nature other than from relatives and
personal friends.
A leader who holds a position as President or Vice-President of the
Republic, minister, permanent secretary or head of any public
corporation, university, or other parastatal organization shall not
accept. (a) a loan except from a bank, building society or other
financial institution; (b) any benefit of whatever nature from any
company, contractor, business or their nominee or agent.
No person shall offer to leader any property, gift or benefit of any
kind as an inducement or bribe for the granting of any favour or the
discharge in his favour of the leader’s duties; a leader shall not do
or direct to be done in abusive of his office, any arbitrary act
prejudicial to the rights of any other person; a leader shall not put
to his personal advantage or to the advantage of any other person
materially or otherwise any information acquired by him during his
term of office as a leader; a leader shall not be a member of, belong
to, or take part in the organization or management of the Ogboni or
owegbe societies or any other secret society of a similar nature.
Every leader shall, (a) within three months after the coming into
force of the code or after taking office, as the case may be, (b) at
the end of each year (c) at the end of his term of office, submit to
the Code of Conduct Bureau of the Government which employs him, a
written declaration of all property or assets owned by, or liabilities
owed to, him, his spouse or unmarried children under the age of
twenty-one; any false information in such declarations shall be deemed
to be breached of this code; any property or asset acquired by a
leader after the initial declaration required by paragraph 13 (1) (a)
above and which is not fairly attributable to income, gift, or loan
approved in this Code shall be deemed to have been acquired in breach
of this Code unless the contrary is proved.
An allegation that a leader has committed a breach of or has not
complied with the provisions of this Code shall be made to the Code of
Conduct Bureau, which shall, unless the person concerned makes a
written admission of such breach or non-compliance, cause the matter
to be heard and determined by the tribunal referred to in Article of
the Constitution.
A leader who does any act prohibited by his Code through a nominee,
trustee, or other agent shall be deemed ipso facto to have committed a
breach of this Code”.
By virtue of his being the Chairman of the subcommittee, Professor
Nwabueze automatically became a member of the Constituent Assembly.
Other chairmen of subcommittees that became automatic members of the
Constituent Assembly were Alhaji A.G.F. Abdul-Rasaq (sub-committee on
the executive and the legislature, Alhaji Nuhu Bamali (sub-committee
on the judicial system), Dr. Pius Okigbo (sub-committee on economy,
finance and division of powers), Alhaji Aminu Kano (sub-committee on
citizenship, citizenship rights, fundamental rights, political parties
and electoral laws, Dr. Obi Wali (sub-committee on the public service
including the Armed Forces and the Police) and Chief F.R.A. Williams
(Legal Drafting sub-committee).
On November 1, 1977, Professor Nwabueze was appointed the chairman of
the business of the Constituent Assembly. Other members of the
business committee were Alhaji Abdul Razak, Dr. Pius Okigbo, Chief Olu
Awotesu, Dr. K.O. Mbadiwe, Chief Samuel O. Mbakwe, Mr. D.G. Vembeh,
Chief Frank N. Inok, Alhaji Adamu Ciroma, Alhaji Shehu Malami, Dr, Iya
Abubakar, Dr. Mudiaga Odje and Dr. F.O. Nwator.
From October 6, 1977, when the then Head of State, General Olusegun
Obasanjo GCFR, inaugurated the Constituent Assembly, till the assembly
adjourned sine die in March 1978, Professor Nwabueze sat next to Chief
Rotimi Williams. The two were inseparable. Inspite of his later years
pronouncements on political issues, Professor Nwabueze, should be
judged on the preamble of the report of the sub-committee on National
Objectives and Public Accountability of the Constitutional Drafting
Committee which he co-authored in 1975. That preamble was his legacy.
The preamble defined Professor Nwabueze.
In the preamble, he wrote “Government in Nigeria, as indeed in other
developing countries, has tended to be pre-occupied with power and its
material perquisites. Given the country’s conditions of
under-development, power offers the opportunity of a lifetime to rise
above the general poverty and squalor that pervades the entire
society. It provides a rare opportunity to acquire wealth and
prestige, to be able to distribute benefits in the form of jobs,
contracts, scholarships and gifts of money and so on to ones’s
relatives, and political allies. Such is the pre-occupation with power
and its material benefits that political ideologies as to how society
can be organized and ruled to the best advantage of all hardly enter
into the calculation.
Perhaps the Constitution is in part to blame for this. The
Constitution in Commonwealth Africa speaks only in terms of power and
of rights, but never of duties. The latter are taken for granted. The
Constitution assumes that those who wield the power of the state will
be conscious of, and responsive to, its obligations and
responsibilities. And so it says nothing of the duties of the
government towards its subjects. Our experiences have shown this to be
a wrong approach to constitution-making. As a charter of government
and the fundamental law of the land, the Constitution should make it
clear that powers are bestowed upon the organs and institutions of
government, not for the personal aggrandizement of those who wield
them from time to time, but for the welfare and advancement of the
society as a whole. It should therefore cast on the State definite
duties towards its subjects
A constitution should indeed do more. It should proclaim the principle
on which the State is organized and spell out the ideals and
objectives of the social order. Every Constitution is set and operates
in the context of certain organizing ideas but these are often left
unexpressed. Again this approach to constitution-making is out-dated.
A Constitution should not be simply a code of justiciable rules and
regulations; it is a charter of government, a government involves
relations and concepts that are not amenable to the test of
justiciability.
The objectives may be in the nature of immediate, specific policy
goals or of long-term ideals. The former are not likely to excite
controversy; they are the things Nigerians except their government to
secure for them—food, clothing, water, medical facilities, education,
etc. Spelling them out in the Constitution provides a yardstick for
judging the performance of any government. It invests them with the
quality of a constitutional directive to the organs of the state to
inform and guide their actions by reference to the declared
principles. It would also serve as reminder to government
functionaries that their position is one of trust involving powers as
well as duties.
The latter imply ideology. Ideology arouses a certain mysticism and
suspicion amongst us. Yet every new nation has a special need of a
nationally accepted ideology. For unless the goals and the fundamental
attitudes and values that should inform the behavior of its members
and institutions are clearly stated and accepted, a new nation is
likely to find itself rudderless, with no sense of purpose and
direction. By defining the goals of society and prescribing the
institutional forms and procedures for pursuing them, ideology seeks
to direct and concert the efforts of actions of the people towards the
achievement of those goals. In this way it seeks to unite the society
into one nation bound together by common attitudes and values, common
institutions and procedures, and above all an acceptance of common
social objectives and destiny.
The need for an ideology in Nigeria is all the greater because of the
heterogeneity of the society, the increasing gap between the rich and
the poor, the growing cleavage between the social groupings, all of
which combine to confuse the nation and bedevil the concerted march to
orderly progress. Only an explicit ideology which clearly sets the
parameters of government and informs its policies and actions can
generate a spirit of co-operation, peace and unity.
If the national ideology is enshrined in the Constitution, then this
may make it appear less of a political slogan, investing it with the
quality of a constitutional, albeit non-justiciable norm, and thereby
making it easier for political leaders, and even judges, to establish
and show the desired identification with it.
It may be argued that the aspirations, goals and values of a society
are not unchanging for all times; they may not even be a true
reflection of current values but only what the present generation of
leaders believe them to be or think they should be; to enshrine them
in the Constitution would therefore be an imposition, and would create
a false and unwarranted image of popular acceptance. These sentiments
might equally serve as argument for not having a Constitution at all.
Whilst unquestionably values are relative to time and place, every
society should attempt to formulate the values that are relevant to
its time and place; their embodiment in the Constitution does not
entitle them to any more immutability than the frame of government
instituted in the Constitution. The important thing is that the values
and objectives declared should be the really fundamental ones widely
shared in the community, and not the sectional objectives and goals of
particular social and economic policies of a ruling party.
It cannot be disputed that the ideology that is most relevant to our
society today and one that is accepted by most Nigerians is that of
socialism operating within the framework of a participatory democracy
and the ideals of liberty, equality and justice. It is the only
effective answer to the conditions of under-development, inequality
and exploitation that exist in the country. The long-term objectives
of socialism in Nigeria should be to place in the hands of the State
and people the ownership and control of the means of production and
distribution”.
Professor Obiefuna Benjamin Nwabueze served his country the best way he could.
