Nigeria And The Burden Of Open Defecation

Despite efforts by the federal government and partners to ensure access to Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) services in the country, the 2021 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene National Outcome Routine Mapping (WASHNORM 111) report  showed an increase in the number of Nigerians practicing open defecation, from 46million in 2019  to 48million in 2021.

The report, which presents the state of water, sanitation and hygiene in Nigeria, also showed that 83 percent of household members in the country lack access to basic hygiene services.

It revealed the low status of the country’s WASH sector, with 90 percent of the country’s population lacking access to complete basic water, sanitation, and hygiene services.

This is in spite of the fact that the Sustainable Development Goal 6 seeks to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all by 2030,

Recall that the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) had said that Nigeria needed to invest 1.30 per cent of it’s GDP per year ($5.3b or N1.9trillion) to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets on Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) by 2030.

UNICEF also said that Nigeria losses about 1.3 per cent (₦455 Billion) of her GDP annually to poor sanitation.

It added that 90 percent of the 102,000 diarrhea related under five child deaths annually was directly attributed to unsafe water and sanitation.

According to the organisation, it is more cost-effective to construct more toilets for conflict-affected people than to treat endless flares of cholera outbreaks with unnecessary mortalities.

“Inability to access toilets is costly. It robs children of their health. When people die of cholera complications, children are sadly stripped of parental care and the most basic protection, it said.

Stressing the need for national and state budgets to reflect the importance of toilets and water sources to the health of children and workforce, chief-in-charge, UNICEF chief of Maiduguri field office, Dr. Clement Adams, said “We must prioritise investments in physical and human resources and scale up existing programmes targeting expansion of toilet and water services.’

He said with about 16 per cent of the population in Borno State and 32 per cent of the population in Yobe State still practicing open defecation, all stakeholders must review existing mechanisms with a view to improving access to toilets, reduce disease outbreaks and tackle malnutrition in conflict-affected children.

Adams added that practical steps towards ending open defecation by constructing more toilets and water sources especially among the most vulnerable population whether in camps or host communities needs to be pursued. “Schools, markets and other public places must not be left out even as we promote behavioural change among the people,” Urged.

Meanwhile, the report says that only 10 percent of Nigerian population have access to complete basic water, sanitation and hygiene services, using the global JMP definition.

“Those living in rural areas are three times more disadvantaged than those in urban areas,” the report stated.

The WASHNORM 111 report, which was launched in June 2022, by the Federal Ministry of Water Resources, also revealed that households in Nigeria spent approximate N3.4trillion or $8.5bilion annually on Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) services in 2019 and 2020.

According to the report, only 6percent of health care facilities in Nigeria have WASH services.

It revealed that at 10 percent, healthcare facilities in urban areas were twice as likely to have access to basic WASH services than healthcare facilities in rural areas.

The survey, which was done in collaboration with the Nigerian Bureau of Statistics and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) showed that only 11 per cent of schools have basic WASH services, and that at 18 per cent, school in urban areas were about twice as likely to have access to WASH service than schools in rural areas.

Also, the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (NCDC) has blamed the recurring cholera outbreak in the country on open defecation and lack of access for WASH services.